SAT Subject Tests: SparkNotes Online Study Guides & = Test Preparation

From: Subject: SAT Subject Tests: SparkNotes Online Study Guides & Test Preparation Date: Fri, 2 May 2008 20:31:11 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0095_01C8AC93.758C0620" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0095_01C8AC93.758C0620 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/sat2/ =EF=BB=BF SAT Subject Tests: SparkNotes Online Study Guides & = Test Preparation

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Welcome to the SAT subject tests = information=20 center. Here, SparkNotes has collected everything you need = to beat=20 your SAT subject tests. Use the links below to navigate to = each test=20 center or free online book, or check out the additional = resources=20 we've collected for you in the list on the right side of = this page.=20

Upcoming Test=20 dates: 1/26, 3/1, 5/3, = 6/7

SAT Subject Test: = Biology=20

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SAT Subject Test: = U.S.=20 History
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SAT Subject Test: = Math Level=20 1
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SAT Subject Test: = Math Level=20 2
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document.getElementById('sep-ms').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "tp": =0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-col')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-tp').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-os')) { = document.getElementById('sep-os').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "col": =0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-sl')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-col').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-tp')) { = document.getElementById('sep-tp').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "sl":=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-col')) { = document.getElementById('sep-col').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= }//end switch=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= //subnav =0A= function subnav_on (itemName) {=0A= if(document.getElementById('sub-' + itemName)) {=0A= document.getElementById('sub-' + itemName).src =3D url_subnav + = itemName + '-on.gif';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= function subnav_off (itemName) {=0A= if(document.getElementById('sub-' + itemName)) {=0A= document.getElementById('sub-' + itemName).src =3D url_subnav + = itemName + '-off.gif';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= **=0A= **=0A= ****************************** END TOP NAVIGATION RELATED FUNCTIONS = ********/=0A= =0A= =0A= var url_nav_nfs =3D prefix + "://img.sparknotes.com/nfs/nav/";=0A= =0A= /* NFS Nav Functions */=0A= function preload_nav_nfs() {=0A= //Preload all the '-on' images for the nav buttons=0A= =0A= if (!document.images) return;=0A= =0A= var nav_nfs =3D new Array("sn","sc","sch","nfs","tp","sl");=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < nav_nfs.length; i++) {=0A= =0A= nav_nfs_img_load =3D new Image();=0A= nav_nfs_img_load.src =3D url_nav_nfs + nav_nfs[i] + "-on.gif";=0A= =0A= }//endfor=0A= =0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= function nav_on_nfs(itemName) {=0A= if (document.getElementById(itemName)) {=0A= if (document.getElementById(itemName).src !=3D url_nav_nfs + itemName + = '-on.gif') {=0A= document.getElementById(itemName).src =3D url_nav_nfs + itemName + = '-on.gif';=0A= document.getElementById('cell-' + itemName).style.background =3D = '#FFFFFF';=0A= nav_sep_nfs(itemName, 1);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= }//end function=0A= =0A= function nav_off_nfs(itemName) {=0A= if(document.getElementById(itemName)) {=0A= document.getElementById(itemName).src =3D url_nav_nfs + itemName + = '-off.gif';=0A= document.getElementById('cell-' + itemName).style.background =3D '';=0A= nav_sep_nfs(itemName, 0);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= //handles the background color for the separator bars=0A= function nav_sep_nfs(itemName, on_off) {=0A= var bg_color;=0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 1){ bg_color=3D'#FFFFFF'; }//endif=0A= else { bg_color=3D''; }=0A= =0A= switch (itemName){=0A= case "sn":=0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-sc')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-sn').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "sc":=0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-sch')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-sc').style.background =3D = bg_color; } =0A= if(document.getElementById('sep-sn')) { = document.getElementById('sep-sn').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "sch":=0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-nfs')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-sch').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= if(document.getElementById('sep-sc')) { = document.getElementById('sep-sc').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "nfs": =0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-tp')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-nfs').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-sch')) { = document.getElementById('sep-sch').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "tp": =0A= if (on_off =3D=3D 0 && document.getElementById('section-sl')) { } =0A= else { document.getElementById('sep-tp').style.background =3D = bg_color; }=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-nfs')) { = document.getElementById('sep-nfs').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= case "sl":=0A= if (document.getElementById('sep-tp')) { = document.getElementById('sep-tp').style.background =3D bg_color; }=0A= break;=0A= =0A= }//end switch=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= //home page, print the random banner=0A= function print_random_banner() {=0A= =0A= var number_of_banners =3D 11;=0A= =0A= var random_number;=0A= random_number =3D Math.floor (Math.random() * number_of_banners);=0A= if(random_number =3D=3D 0) { random_number =3D 1; }=0A= =0A= document.write ("

");=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= //home page, print the random banner=0A= function print_random_banner_newhome() {=0A= =0A= var number_of_banners =3D 4;=0A= =0A= =0A= var random_number;=0A= random_number =3D Math.ceil (Math.random() * number_of_banners);=0A= if(random_number =3D=3D 0) { random_number =3D 1; }=0A= document.write("\n"); =0A= =0A= if(random_number =3D=3D 1) {=0A= document.write ("

0 ) { = page_type =3D "tp"; }=0A= else if (identifier =3D=3D "ww" && url.indexOf("testprep") =3D=3D -1 ) = { page_type =3D"www"; }=0A= else if (identifier =3D=3D "mb") { page_type =3D "mb"; } =0A= else { page_type =3D""; }=0A= }=0A= =0A= setCookie ("bookmark_title", title, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("bookmark_url", url, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("bookmark_type", page_type , "1000");=0A= =0A= // for debugging:=0A= //document.write('

', title, ' ', url, ' ', page_type, '

');=0A= }=0A= =0A= /** CURRENTLY DOESN'T HANDLE TESTPREP **/=0A= function print_bookmark() {=0A= =0A= //if the user isn't logged in, then don't print anything=0A= if(is_loggedin()) {=0A= =0A= var bookmark_url =3D get_bookmark_url();=0A= var bookmark_title =3D get_bookmark_title();=0A= var bookmark_type =3D get_bookmark_type();=0A= var prefix;=0A= if(bookmark_url !=3D "" && bookmark_url !=3D null && bookmark_title = !=3D "" && bookmark_title !=3D null) {=0A= =0A= if (bookmark_type =3D=3D "mb") { prefix =3D "Return to the "; }=0A= else { prefix =3D "Go back to studying "; }=0A= =0A= =0A= document.write (prefix + "" + = bookmark_title + "");=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= //sends the page to the url indicated in the parameters, with the origin = passed in the "url" variable.=0A= function addUrl (url) {=0A= =0A= window.location.href =3D url + "?uri=3D" + = escape(window.location);=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= ** returns the correct help page, depending on where the user currently = is=0A= **=0A= */=0A= =0A= function get_help_url() {=0A= =0A= var url =3D window.location.href;=0A= var help_url;=0A= if(url.indexOf("http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/") !=3D -1 || = url.indexOf("http://testprep.sparknotes.com/") !=3D -1) { =0A= help_url =3D "http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/help/";=0A= }=0A= else if (url.indexOf("http://www.sparknotes.com/college/") !=3D -1 || = url.indexOf("http://college.sparknotes.com/") !=3D -1){=0A= help_url =3D "http://www.sparknotes.com/college/help/";=0A= }=0A= else {=0A= help_url =3D "http://www.sparknotes.com/help/";=0A= }=0A= window.location.href =3D help_url;=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= ** prints the user links for the right hand side of the subnavigation=0A= **=0A= */=0A= =0A= function print_user_links() {=0A= =0A= var userName =3D getUserNick();=0A= if (userName) {=0A= =0A= =0A= document.write("Help $3D\"|\"$ Preferences $3D\"|\"$ L= og out");=0A= } else {=0A= document.write("Help $3D\"|\"$ Lo= g in $3D\"|\"$ S= ign Up for a Free Account");=0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function print_user_links_newsl() {=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= var userName =3D getUserNick();=0A= if (userName) {=0A= =0A= =0A= document.write("Help 3D'|'

Preferences 3D''

Shopping Cart 3D''

");=0A= =0A= var numItems =3D getCookie('cart_total_items');=0A= if (numItems > 1){=0A= document.write(numItems + " items");=0A= }else if (numItems =3D=3D 1){=0A= document.write("1 item");=0A= }else{=0A= document.write("0 items");=0A= }=0A= =0A= var subTotal =3D getCookie('cart_subtotal');=0A= if (subTotal > 0){=0A= document.write(" : $" + subTotal);=0A= }else{=0A= document.write("");=0A= }=0A= =0A= document.write(" 3D'|'

Checkout

L= og out");=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= =0A= document.write("Help 3D'|'

Lo= g in $3D\"|\"$ S= ign Up for a Free Account 3D''

Shopping Cart 3D''

Checkout");=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function print_welcome_msg() {=0A= =0A= var userName =3D getUserNick();=0A= if (userName) {=0A= document.write("Welcome " + userName + "! ");=0A= =0A= } else {=0A= document.write("Welcome to SparkNotes! ");=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function get_bookmark_url () {=0A= =0A= return getCookie("bookmark_url");=0A= }=0A= =0A= function get_bookmark_title () {=0A= =0A= return getCookie("bookmark_title");=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= function get_bookmark_type () {=0A= =0A= return getCookie("bookmark_type");=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= //=0A= // returns a link (in the given style class) to the last visited Study = Guide or null otherwise=0A= //=0A= =0A= function lastGuideVisited(cls) {=0A= =0A= var url =3D getCookie("last_guide_url");=0A= var title =3D getCookie("last_guide_title");=0A= =0A= show_bookmark =3D ((url !=3D null) && (url !=3D "") && (title !=3D = null) && (title !=3D ""));=0A= =0A= if (show_bookmark) {=0A= return "" + title + = "";=0A= } else {=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= // return the user's nickname. relies on PLogin to set cookie snu_nick.=0A= function getUserNick() {=0A= return getCookie("snu_nick");=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= function is_loggedin() {=0A= var nickname =3D getCookie("snu_nick");=0A= if(nickname !=3D null && nickname !=3D "") { return true; }=0A= else { return false; }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= //=0A= // Stores the Current Page for the user, for up to one month=0A= //=0A= =0A= function saveBookmarkX() {=0A= =0A= var today =3D new Date();=0A= var currenturl =3D window.location + "";=0A= var currenttitle =3D document.title;=0A= var identifier =3D currenturl.substring(7,9);=0A= //filter out the SparkNotes text from the title=0A= if (currenttitle.substr(0,12) =3D=3D "SparkNotes: ")=0A= currenttitle =3D currenttitle.substr(12);=0A= if (currenttitle.substr(0,11) =3D=3D "SparkNotes ")=0A= currenttitle =3D currenttitle.substr(11);=0A= // currenttitle =3D currenttitle.substring(12, = currenttitle.length);=0A= =0A= setCookie ("bookmark", currenturl, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("new_bookmark", currenttitle, "1000");=0A= =0A= if (identifier =3D=3D "ww") {=0A= if (currenturl.indexOf("testprep") > 0) {=0A= setCookie ("last_testprep_url", currenturl, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("last_testprep_title", currenttitle, "1000");=0A= } else if (currenturl.indexOf(".dir") =3D=3D -1) {=0A= setCookie ("last_guide_url", currenturl, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("last_guide_title", currenttitle, "1000");=0A= }=0A= } else if (identifier =3D=3D "mb") {=0A= var boardid_start =3D currenturl.indexOf("b=3D");=0A= var boardid_end =3D currenturl.indexOf("&");=0A= if (boardid_end =3D=3D -1) {=0A= boardid_end =3D currenturl.indexOf("#");=0A= if (boardid_end =3D=3D -1) boardid_end =3D currenturl.length+1=0A= };=0A= if (boardid_start !=3D -1) {=0A= currenturl =3D "http://mb.sparknotes.com/mb.mpl?" + = currenturl.substring(boardid_start, boardid_end);=0A= } else {=0A= currenturl =3D null;=0A= currenttitle =3D null;=0A= }=0A= setCookie ("last_board_url", currenturl, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("last_board_title", currenttitle, "1000");=0A= } else if (identifier =3D=3D "te") {=0A= setCookie ("last_testprep_url", currenturl, "1000");=0A= setCookie ("last_testprep_title", currenttitle, "1000");=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0095_01C8AC93.758C0620 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sparknotes.com/js/cookies.js =0A= //=0A= // Sets cookie values.=0A= //=0A= function setCookie(name, value, expiredays) {=0A= var ExpireDate =3D new Date ();=0A= ExpireDate.setTime(ExpireDate.getTime() + (expiredays * 24 * 3600 * = 1000));=0A= =0A= document.cookie =3D name + "=3D" + escape(value)=0A= + "; path=3D/" +=0A= "; domain=3D.sparknotes.com"=0A= + ((expiredays =3D=3D null) ? "" : "; expires=3D" + = ExpireDate.toGMTString());=0A= =0A= }=0A= =0A= //=0A= // Gets cookie values.=0A= //=0A= function getCookie(Name) {=0A= var search =3D Name + "=3D" ;=0A= if (document.cookie.length > 0) { // if there are any cookies=0A= offset =3D document.cookie.indexOf(search) ;=0A= if (offset !=3D -1) { // if cookie exists=0A= offset +=3D search.length ;=0A= // set index of beginning of value=0A= end =3D document.cookie.indexOf(";", offset) ;=0A= // set index of end of cookie value=0A= if (end =3D=3D -1) end =3D document.cookie.length=0A= return unescape(document.cookie.substring(offset, end));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= //=0A= // Drops a test cookie=0A= //=0A= function setTestCookie() {=0A= var date =3D new Date();=0A= setCookie('testcookie', Math.floor(date.getTime() / 1000));=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0095_01C8AC93.758C0620 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js //-- Google Analytics Urchin Module=0A= //-- Copyright 2007 Google, All Rights Reserved.=0A= =0A= //-- Urchin On Demand Settings ONLY=0A= var _uacct=3D""; // set up the Urchin Account=0A= var _userv=3D1; // service mode (0=3Dlocal,1=3Dremote,2=3Dboth)=0A= =0A= //-- UTM User Settings=0A= var _ufsc=3D1; // set client info flag (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _udn=3D"auto"; // (auto|none|domain) set the domain name for cookies=0A= var _uhash=3D"on"; // (on|off) unique domain hash for cookies=0A= var _utimeout=3D"1800"; // set the inactive session timeout in seconds=0A= var _ugifpath=3D"/__utm.gif"; // set the web path to the __utm.gif file=0A= var _utsp=3D"|"; // transaction field separator=0A= var _uflash=3D1; // set flash version detect option (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _utitle=3D1; // set the document title detect option = (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _ulink=3D0; // enable linker functionality (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _uanchor=3D0; // enable use of anchors for campaign = (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _utcp=3D"/"; // the cookie path for tracking=0A= var _usample=3D100; // The sampling % of visitors to track (1-100).=0A= =0A= //-- UTM Campaign Tracking Settings=0A= var _uctm=3D1; // set campaign tracking module (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _ucto=3D"15768000"; // set timeout in seconds (6 month default)=0A= var _uccn=3D"utm_campaign"; // name=0A= var _ucmd=3D"utm_medium"; // medium (cpc|cpm|link|email|organic)=0A= var _ucsr=3D"utm_source"; // source=0A= var _uctr=3D"utm_term"; // term/keyword=0A= var _ucct=3D"utm_content"; // content=0A= var _ucid=3D"utm_id"; // id number=0A= var _ucno=3D"utm_nooverride"; // don't override=0A= =0A= //-- Auto/Organic Sources and Keywords=0A= var _uOsr=3Dnew Array();=0A= var _uOkw=3Dnew Array();=0A= _uOsr[0]=3D"google"; _uOkw[0]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[1]=3D"yahoo"; _uOkw[1]=3D"p";=0A= _uOsr[2]=3D"msn"; _uOkw[2]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[3]=3D"aol"; _uOkw[3]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[4]=3D"aol"; _uOkw[4]=3D"encquery";=0A= _uOsr[5]=3D"lycos"; _uOkw[5]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[6]=3D"ask"; _uOkw[6]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[7]=3D"altavista"; _uOkw[7]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[8]=3D"netscape"; _uOkw[8]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[9]=3D"cnn"; _uOkw[9]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[10]=3D"looksmart"; _uOkw[10]=3D"qt";=0A= _uOsr[11]=3D"about"; _uOkw[11]=3D"terms";=0A= _uOsr[12]=3D"mamma"; _uOkw[12]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[13]=3D"alltheweb"; _uOkw[13]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[14]=3D"gigablast"; _uOkw[14]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[15]=3D"voila"; _uOkw[15]=3D"rdata";=0A= _uOsr[16]=3D"virgilio"; _uOkw[16]=3D"qs";=0A= _uOsr[17]=3D"live"; _uOkw[17]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[18]=3D"baidu"; _uOkw[18]=3D"wd";=0A= _uOsr[19]=3D"alice"; _uOkw[19]=3D"qs";=0A= _uOsr[20]=3D"yandex"; _uOkw[20]=3D"text";=0A= _uOsr[21]=3D"najdi"; _uOkw[21]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[22]=3D"aol"; _uOkw[22]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[23]=3D"club-internet"; _uOkw[23]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[24]=3D"mama"; _uOkw[24]=3D"query";=0A= _uOsr[25]=3D"seznam"; _uOkw[25]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[26]=3D"search"; _uOkw[26]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[27]=3D"szukaj"; _uOkw[27]=3D"szukaj";=0A= _uOsr[28]=3D"szukaj"; _uOkw[28]=3D"qt";=0A= _uOsr[29]=3D"netsprint"; _uOkw[29]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[30]=3D"google.interia"; _uOkw[30]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[31]=3D"szukacz"; _uOkw[31]=3D"q";=0A= _uOsr[32]=3D"yam"; _uOkw[32]=3D"k";=0A= _uOsr[33]=3D"pchome"; 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path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= } else if (a>=3D0 && b>=3D0 && c>=3D0) {=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= } else {=0A= if (a>=3D0) a=3D_uFixA(_ubd.cookie,";",_ust);=0A= else a=3D_udh+"."+_uu+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+"."+_ust+".1";=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utma=3D"+a+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmb=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+x+_udo;=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmc=3D"+_udh+"; path=3D"+_utcp+";"+_udo;=0A= _ufns=3D1;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && xx && xx!=3D"" && xx!=3D"-") {=0A= xx=3D_uUES(xx);=0A= if (xx.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmx=3D"+xx+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= if (_ulink && v && v!=3D"" && v!=3D"-") {=0A= v=3D_uUES(v);=0A= if (v.indexOf(";")=3D=3D-1) _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+v+"; = path=3D"+_utcp+";"+nx+_udo;=0A= }=0A= _uInfo(page);=0A= _ufns=3D0;=0A= _ufno=3D0;=0A= if (!page || page=3D=3D"") _uff=3D1;=0A= }=0A= function _uGH() {=0A= var hid;=0A= var wc=3Dwindow;=0A= if (wc && wc.gaGlobal && wc.gaGlobal.hid) {=0A= hid=3Dwc.gaGlobal.hid;=0A= } else {=0A= hid=3DMath.round(Math.random()*0x7fffffff);=0A= if (!wc.gaGlobal) wc.gaGlobal=3D{};=0A= wc.gaGlobal.hid=3Dhid;=0A= }=0A= return hid;=0A= }=0A= function _uInfo(page) {=0A= var p,s=3D"",dm=3D"",pg=3D_udl.pathname+_udl.search;=0A= if (page && page!=3D"") pg=3D_uES(page,1);=0A= _ur=3D_ubd.referrer;=0A= if (!_ur || _ur=3D=3D"") { _ur=3D"-"; 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